Fostering Fortitude

This article analyzes “National Defense Courses” textbooks that were used to disseminate defense information the political, social, and administrative elite in Finland. Textbooks from 1967 2018 provide qualitative historicaland sociological data, showing how Finland has prepared for war other security contingencies past five decades. The main shift fostering population’s allegiance state gone addressing management of political heterodoxy as a patriotic endeavor one cultivating apolitical resilience face adversity. Both patriotism appear texts forms civic piety, which people’s individual preferences give way collective interests.